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Reza

A fallacy in Exception part of "Appeal to Emotion"

"Exceptions: Appealing to emotions is a very powerful and necessary technique in persuasion .
  We are emotional creatures ; therefore, we often make decisions and form beliefs erroneously based on emotions, when reason and logic tell us otherwise.  However, using appeals to emotion as a backup to rational and logical arguments is not only valid , but a skill possessed by virtually every great communicator."

Hi,

1. The only function of logic is not persuasion but conviction > I think every use of emotion in logic and argumentation is a trick.

2. "We are emotional" does not mean we must be emotional everywhere, especially while reasoning.

3. Clearly, "often" does not mean "must".

4. The word " back up ", relates to persuading sb, not to make her logically convinced(= logical validity: adaption to the truth or external reality) .

5.   Appeal to Common Folk.
1) "Every great communicator appeals to emotion to communicate."
2) You are also a communicator.
> Therefore, as a communication skill, you should (it's valid to) appeal to emotion!

Thanks.

 

asked on Sunday, Jul 14, 2024 09:38:05 AM by Reza

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Answers

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Mr. Wednesday
2

I think one thing that's important to realize is that, while we humans like to think of ourselves as being purely logical creatures, that's not the case. Logic is great for proving that a point you're making is true, but not always great for convincing people that they should care about the point you're making. For instance, an economist could show you all the numbers about how a flat tax rate would reduce the spending power of those in the lowest income bracket. Even if it's logically bulletproof, why should you care? Add in a testimonial about a single mother who struggles to make ends meet and would be unable to feed her children under a flat tax rate, and suddenly it becomes important.

Granted, this is not a valid tactic in every case. If I am giving a presentation to my boss about a new piece of equipment, he's really only going to care about the return on investment. Appealing to the humanity of the equipment manufacturer generally isn't going to help make my case.

That said, maybe I'd have an issue with listing this as an exception, rather than some other category. If you look at other fallacies that have exceptions listed, it's typically going to list ways in which you can bolster the logical validity of an argument while appearing to use the fallacy in question. For instance, if you were to cite the fact that climate scientists across the world are in near-unanimous agreement that man-made climate change is occurring, you would appear to be using appeal to authority . But, as those opinions are rooted in scientific evidence, it remains a valid argument. Using appeal to emotion in this way doesn't necessarily bolster the logical validity of your argument, but can be used as a supplement to an argument that's already logically valid. In that regard it's also important to point out the "Fallacy fallacy," that a fallacious argument is not necessarily false, nor does using a logical fallacy in one part of your argument invalidate other parts of your argument.

answered on Sunday, Jul 14, 2024 11:51:02 AM by Mr. Wednesday

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Bo Bennett, PhD
2

I am assuming your points are arguments against what I wrote, so I will treat them as such.

1) I am referring to emotion is used in addition to login, not "in" logic.

2) I didn't write we must be emotional everywhere nor even suggested it.

3) Never wrote that it did not suggested it.

4) Most arguments are not ones that can be decided by logic alone. Thus, emotion plays a key role. For example, should abortion be legal?

5) It is a fact that virtually every great communicator incorporates emotion. Nowhere did I write or even suggest that because of this reason , the reader should too.

For more clarity on this and how Aristotle viewed the importance of emotion, look up "Aristotle's pathos, logos, and ethos."

answered on Sunday, Jul 14, 2024 09:57:08 AM by Bo Bennett, PhD

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Reza writes:

It's not necessary to be mentioned explicitly. 

let's take a look at this formation:
The context concerns " Logic ally Fallacious"  materials, forms, rules, and patterns.
Also, an "Exception" means sth doesn't follow the rules of the context i.e. Logic.
It implicitly implies that sometimes emotion can break the rule.

Suppose you want to discover the truth alone. Does persuasion, or emotions matter now?
So, we're in a Demonstration context, not Rhetoric which is weaker than Dialectic and doesn't help in differentiating true from false. 
It's a contextomy fallacy to implicitly say that sometimes we're allowed to use emotion to persuade the audience or as a backup to the argument.
I think feelings and emotions are not replacements, neither a supplement nor a backup to rational, logical arguments.
I often have problems with the part exception. it would be better to name this as: "Out of Context" point.

There is another obvious contextomy under conflicting condition example, I'll mention in another comment.



posted on Tuesday, Aug 13, 2024 10:36:50 AM
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Bo Bennett, PhD writes:
[To Reza]

You are confusing determining what is true and convincing someone what is true. It is true that emotion plays no part in what is true or not. The point of my book is to help people think more critically and at the same time be more persuasive communicators by using logic and reason, not abusing it.

[ login to reply ] posted on Tuesday, Aug 13, 2024 10:43:24 AM
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Reza writes:
[To Bo Bennett, PhD]

First of all, thanks for releasing the book. I've just finished reading. It was handy for me.

Then, here I'm debunking neither Bo Bennet! nor his useful book, but a common attitude, that says critical thinking and logic are not always the case: There are exceptions in some parts of life where logic doesn't work (E.g. love, communications, relations,...)

Now, there is an inconsistency between using logic & emotions simultaneously together. If appeal to emotions is the mother of many fallacies such as wishful thinking, appeal to pity, fear, allurement, authority, vanity, snobbery ..., so when a communicator is using logic, she can't use her emotions, and when she is using emotions, she is denying logic.

As if, when the logic starts all exceptions end.

I can name it: "Logical Hollow Fallacy"

 

[ login to reply ] posted on Saturday, Sep 14, 2024 10:21:13 AM
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Bo Bennett, PhD writes:
[To Reza]

I am no longer sure what you are disagreeing with if anything. But yes, there are many decisions in life that are not best solved by logic, but rather a combination of reason and affect (e.g. finding a life partner). In terms of an argument focused on persuasion or any non-binary, subjective "truth" such as "should I donate to this charity?", emotion is in integral part of the argument. One cannot make a purely logical argument as to why one should donate to a charity.

Emotion is valid in reason, just not when it is used in place of or contrary to reason.

[ login to reply ] posted on Saturday, Sep 14, 2024 10:57:49 AM