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Alex

Appeal to faith fallacy?

If someone doesn’t “believe” what scientists say about evolution, the shape of the earth or climate change because there’s no proof that they’re really trustworthy, and then I tell him that we should trust them regardless, am I committing the appeal to faith fallacy? What if this person then says that, to be consistent, you should also believe in what self-proclaimed prophets say? 

I feel like some amount of belief is necessary to live in this world but I just don’t want to be irrational. Please help!

asked on Thursday, Jan 13, 2022 06:40:11 AM by Alex

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Ed F
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"Who To Believe" is, of course, an essential question that everyone deals with all the time.   Because no one has direct knowledge of everything, we rely on "Authorities" to learn about the world.  A basic form of Inductive Logic is "Argument From Authority," where we conclude something is true because an expert said it is.   To accept an expert who is not qualified is to commit one of the Appeal To Authority Fallacies.  But the use of such reasoning is unavoidable; otherwise everyone would have to create mathematics, research history, report on events in the world, develop medical breakthroughs and other scientific theories etc. etc. on their own, which is impossible.  But any of these experts can be wrong, for a variety of reasons, including that they not be qualified expert, they may be biased etc.  Or they may be totally qualified, but their best theory doesn't pan out, as when science tweaks a previously accepted theory based on new knowledge.     So each of us have to critically judge the information given by  authorities, weighing the reasonableness of their claims against their credentials and possible biases, and choose what to believe.   That is why reasonable people can believe different things, especially on controversial issues such as climate change, but not so much on issues such as the shape of the earth.

answered on Thursday, Jan 13, 2022 10:46:06 AM by Ed F

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Bo Bennett, PhD
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We shouldn't believe what scientists tell us any more than prophets based just on their word. It just happens that scientists tell us what the scientific method uncovers. We should believe in the scientific method because it is by far the best method we have for determining what is true.

"Faith" is a tricky word and many Christians don't like the Biblical definitions (“faith is being sure of what we hope for and certain of what we do not see” (Hebrews 11:1). When we say we place our "faith" in humanity or scientists, this is typicality shorthand for "they have proven reliable in the past so as a heuristic, I trust them while also acknowledging that evidence is what is most important." Now, if you say you trust them "regardless,"... regardless of an abundance of evidence against their claims? Then yes, you would be committing the appeal to faith .

answered on Thursday, Jan 13, 2022 07:28:58 AM by Bo Bennett, PhD

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Alex writes:

Sure but I’m not really talking about the scientific method

 

I’m talking about the reliability of  scientists  themselves. Should we trust them when they, for example, say that the scientific method tells us there’s climate change? Or that the pictures taken from space that show the earth is round are real?

posted on Thursday, Jan 13, 2022 09:00:15 AM
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Bo Bennett, PhD writes:
[To Alex]

Trusting scientists is inextricably linked to trusting common scientific knowledge they claim. If a 4-year-old kid tells us the earth is not flat, we don't necessarily trust him, but we trust the fact because of all the evidence that supports the fact of which we are well aware.

Now, if we are talking about less common scientific knowledge like the efficacy of COVID vaccines in a certain demographic, then we still need to rely on the data, not the word of the scientist. Having said that, the word of the vast majority of scientists (as in a scientific consensus ) is not the same as having faith in a person's word. It is the result of the scientific method itself.

[ login to reply ] posted on Friday, Jan 14, 2022 08:00:40 AM
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Arlo
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I see this issue related to the recent discussion on abductive reasoning.  In those situations, we considered a number of "observations" to come up with the most probable conclusion.

If we were to accept something because just one authority said so, we'd be heading for the appeal to faith or perhaps even an appeal to false authority .

However, if we were to consider multiple "observations" (the evidence provided by multiple authorities, as well as considering the reasons given by those authorities), we'd be well on our way to the most probably conclusion about an issue.

answered on Friday, Jan 14, 2022 11:27:13 AM by Arlo

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Alex writes:

Well I’m asking this question because currently I have a crisis of faith. I just don’t know what to actually believe anymore. Like for example if I say that so and so is true because this science book say so, wouldn’t I be doing the same as when Christians do - so and so is true because the Bible says so?

posted on Friday, Jan 14, 2022 11:33:33 AM
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Arlo writes:
[To Alex]

If you accepted something as correct because "this ( singular ) science book says so", I'd suggest you were making a decision based on insufficient information.  However, if you accepted something as correct because you found many references and authorities supporting the claim AND because the rationales presented in those references and authorities were reasonable and logically sound, I'd suggest that you've moved beyond simply accepting something on faith.

As an example using this site, let's consider someone asking "What fallacy is involved when .....?"

If only one person responded saying simply, "It's Fallacy X.", I wouldn't be particularly convinced.  If dozens of members of this site also responded with nothing more than, "It's Fallacy X.", I'd perhaps be more convinced.  However, I'd be even more convinced if a number of people responded by saying "It's Fallacy X because  Fallacy X involves these three things happening and the example you cited includes all of those 3 things ... and furthermore, your example also involves ... and that supports the description of Fallacy X in these ways ... ." 

My point is that accepting a claim just because "some one said so" points to a faith fallacy where the sole reason for accepting the claim is based on faith in the individual making the claim.  With more authorities making the claim as well, we have a bit more to rely on than just faith in the sole authority.  When multiple authorities agree and present cogent arguments for accepting the claim ... it seems to me we've moved beyond faith.  Or, turned around, in order to believe a claim, relying on a single unexplained source leaves nothing much other than faith; believing claims supported by multiple perspectives, solid information, and sound reasoning reduces the risk of a faith fallacy.

[ login to reply ] posted on Friday, Jan 14, 2022 11:47:23 AM
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Dr. Richard
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Defining terms is always my starting point. In the context of a philosophical discussion, the definition of faith is a belief held without evidence to support the belief.

When we are talking about experts, before trusting an expert, one must determine whether the expert’s claims are valid. A proper investigation should be transparent, objective, data-driven, inclusive of broad expertise, subject to independent oversight, and responsibly managed to minimize the impact of bias or conflict of interest. Otherwise you squarely in the Fallacy of the Appeal to Authority.

answered on Friday, Jan 14, 2022 01:13:37 PM by Dr. Richard

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Alex writes:

Well the problem with that, however, is that it’s not really practical. For instance, I just don’t have enough time or interest to study advanced physics equations just to solve some problems about physics. I also don’t have enough time to buy an advanced microscope to see protons and electrons in the atoms - I would rather simply trust that the experts have indeed observed them and take their word. That’s what I’m asking about really. So is there anything wrong with what I’m doing?

posted on Friday, Jan 14, 2022 03:55:02 PM
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Dr. Richard writes:
[To Alex]

You are in luck. You don't need to do all those things. All you have to do is examine what the expert puts forth as evidence to support the opinion and see if it makes sense on its own AND check to see if other experts disagree with the first expert. Experts do not often agree, as you can see in any court trial where each side has its own experts. The alternative, of course, is simply to accept what some expert says without learning whether that expert is compromised in some manner. In short, trust but verify.

[ login to reply ] posted on Friday, Jan 14, 2022 06:49:46 PM